Nonverbal communication includes all except which of the following?

Nonverbal communication encompasses various ways that individuals convey messages without spoken words. This includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and environmental factors. The use of color, walking behavior, and seating arrangement all fall under nonverbal cues that can significantly affect communication and social interactions.

The use of color can convey emotions and set the tone in different contexts, such as in marketing or decor. Walking behavior, or how someone moves, can indicate confidence, openness, or discomfort, which are vital nonverbal signals. Similarly, the arrangement of seating in a room can influence dynamics within a group and reflects power structures and relationships among individuals.

In contrast, an invitation letter represents a form of verbal communication since it relies on written language to convey its message. While it can be presented in a visually appealing manner, the core of its communication is verbal, making it distinct from the purely nonverbal aspects identified in the other options. Thus, the correct answer highlights the difference between verbal and nonverbal forms of communication.